Source: Take Part
Why California Is in Desperate Need of Bees
The state’s $3.8 billion almond industry may take a huge hit due to colony collapse disorder.
By: Clare Leschin-Hoar

Love isn’t the only thing blooming around Valentine’s Day. So are California’s 800,000 acres of almond blossoms. But scientists warn there may simply not be enough honey bees available to pollinate this year’s crop, which prompts an ominous question: “Is 2013 the year colony collapse disorder (CCD) begins to impact our food supply?”

Mysterious and worrisome bee losses have been on the radar since 2006, but this winter was especially hard on hives Read more …

Source: Top Home Remedies
How to Make an Herbal Tincture
An herbal tincture is a medicinal liquid extract that is obtained from fresh or dried herbs. It is a highly concentrated solution of therapeutic compounds in an alcoholic or non-alcoholic solvent. Tincturing is a simple, effective method to extract the medicinally-active chemicals from an herb.
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Source: Green Bridge Medical
Tincture Recipe, How to Make an Herbal Tincture
By Jay Cavanaugh

Many patients who utilize and benefit from medicinal plants do not wish to smoke due to the perceived health hazards of smoking or for other personal reasons. These patients are in something of a bind. Smoking medicine delivers the active compounds within seconds. The medicine is absorbed in the lungs and goes directly to the brain and general circulation. The same effect can be achieved with a vaporizer, which is safer than smoking burning vegetable matter. Since the effects of inhaled medicine are so quick…
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Billions of honey bees have been disappearing from hives across the United States, a phenomenon scientists call Colony Collapse Disorder. Colony collapse is significant because many agricultural crops depend on pollination by bees.

Bee News from the Organic Consumers Association:

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Source: The Xerces Society

Approximately four thousand species of bees are native to the United States. These wild insects provide crop pollination services, and are often specialized for foraging on particular flowers such as tomatoes, squash, berries, orchard, or forage crops. This specialization results in efficient pollination, high yields, and larger fruit.

While the non-native Eurpoean honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most important managed crop pollinator, its numbers are in decline because of disease and other factors. This makes native bees, which contribute an estimated $3 billion worth of crop pollination annually to the U.S. economy, more important than ever. Native bees are of particular importance to organic farming because unlike honey bees, their populations can be supported without the use of antibiotics and other chemical inputs.

The reduced use of pesticides, as well as more sustainable management practices, makes organic farms an important asset in protecting our national pollinator resources. Many organic operations already have good numbers of wild bees. In some cases, these native bees can effectively provide all necessary crop pollination services when adequate habitat is available and bee-friendly management practices are implemented.

Unfortunately, however, even pesticides approved for organic agriculture can cause significant harm to bees. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of how to select and apply pesticides for organic farm operations while minimizing pollinator mortality. Keep in mind that the same practices outlined here that help protect pollinators also may protect beneficial insects such as parasitoid wasps, predacious flies and beetles, ambush and assassin bugs, lacewings, and others. The presence of these insects can further reduce pest pressure and the need for chemical treatments.

View the full fact sheet …

Source: The Xerces Society

Organic farming offers many benefits to pollinators but some common organic-approved pesticides and practices can be potentially just as harmful to bees and other pollinators as conventional farming systems.

For example, in the absence of readily available herbicides, some organic farms depend more heavily on tillage as a primary weed control strategy. This greater soil disturbance may be detrimental to ground-nesting bees.

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In order to establish if wild asparagus Asparagus prostratus fruit-set is limited by pollination, experiments were undertaken to compare natural insect pollination with hand pollination at four colonies (one in west Wales and three in Cornwall, south-west England). Hand pollination was successful in increasing fruit-set relative to natural pollination in three of the four populations. Overall, hand pollination resulted in a 4.5-fold higher fruit-set (54 fruits) compared to fruit-set of naturally pollinated plants (12 fruits).

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Pesticide issues in the works: Honeybee colony collapse disorder
Current as of February 18, 2011
Source: EPA Website

Discovering a problem
During the winter of 2006-2007, some beekeepers began to report unusually high losses of 30-90 percent of their hives. As many as 50 percent of all affected colonies demonstrated symptoms inconsistent with any known causes of honeybee death: sudden loss of a colony’s worker bee population with very few dead bees found near the colony. The queen and brood (young) remained, and the colonies had relatively abundant honey and pollen reserves. But hives cannot sustain themselves without worker bees and would eventually die. This combination of events resulting in the loss of a bee colony has been called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD).

Though agricultural records from more than a century ago note occasional bee “disappearances” and “dwindling” colonies in some years, it is uncertain whether the colonies had the same combination of factors associated with CCD. What we do know from the most recent data from beekeepers for 2009 is that that CCD appears to still be with us.
Dead bees don’t necessarily mean CCD

Certain pesticides are harmful to bees. That’s why we require instructions for protecting bees on the labels of pesticides that are known to be particularly harmful to bees. This is one of many reasons why everyone must read and follow pesticide label instructions. When most or all of the bees in a hive are killed by overexposure to a pesticide, we call that a beekill incident resulting from acute pesticide poisoning. But acute pesticide poisoning of a hive is very different from CCD and is almost always avoidable.

There have been several incidents of acute poisoning of honeybees covered in the popular media in recent years, but sometimes these incidents are mistakenly associated with CCD. A common element of acute pesticide poisoning of bees is, literally, a pile of dead bees outside the hive entrance. With CCD, there are very few if any dead bees near the hive. Piles of dead bees are an indication that the incident is not colony collapse disorder. Indeed, heavily diseased colonies can also exhibit large numbers of dead bees near the hive.
Why it’s happening
There have been many theories about the cause of CCD, but the researchers who are leading the effort to find out why are now focused on these factors:

• increased losses due to the invasive varroa mite (a pest of honeybees);
• new or emerging diseases such as Israeli Acute Paralysis virus and the gut parasite Nosema;
• pesticide poisoning through exposure to pesticides applied to crops or for in-hive insect or mite control;
• bee management stress;
• foraging habitat modification
• inadequate forage/poor nutrition and
• potential immune-suppressing stress on bees caused by one or a combination of factors identified above.

Additional factors may include poor nutrition, drought, and migratory stress brought about by the increased need to move bee colonies long distances to provide pollination services.

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By Blaine P. Friedlander Jr.
Source: Cornell University

An increasingly popular commercial corn, genetically engineered to produce a bacterial toxin to protect against corn pests, has an unwanted side effect: Its pollen kills monarch butterfly larvae in laboratory tests, according to a report by Cornell researchers.

Writing in the May 20 issue of the journal Nature, the researchers note that this hybrid crop, known as Bt-corn, has genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spliced into the plant genes. These hybrids are very effective against the ravenous European corn borer, a major corn pest that is destroyed by the plant’s toxic tissue. The engineered corn is safe for human consumption.

Unlike many pesticides, the Bt-corn has been shown to have no effect on many “nontarget” organisms — pollinators such as honeybees or beneficial predators of pests like ladybugs. But the Bt-modified corn produces pollen containing crystalline endotoxin from the bacterium genes. When this corn pollen is dispersed by the wind, it lands on other plants, including milkweed, the exclusive food of monarch caterpillars and commonly found around cornfields.

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All pears grown in China are now hand-pollinated because of the mysterious disappearance of our best natural pollinator, the honeybee.

Advantages of hand pollination
A quick literature review indicates that hand pollination is applied extensively in the apple and pear cultivation areas in China. In addition, hand pollination is also used in ginkgo, kiwi fruit, etc. Apart from pears in the study area, hand pollination is also applied to other fruit trees, including peaches and plums. This situation has implied that hand pollination should have various advantages. According to analysis of field investigation results and interviews with local pear growers and technicians, the following advantages are listed.

• No need for cultivation of many pollinisers, giving more land for cultivation of the target pear varieties. For effective pollination, pollinisers should be planted evenly in pear orchards and account for around 20% of pear trees. Due to very limited land resources and available labours, pollinisers account for only 2-5% of pear trees and flowers of pollinisers are efficiently used. Fewer pollinisers will provide more space for cultivation of the target variety. This is important for efficient use of land resources because the land holding is extremely small in the region.

• Ensured fruit setting. Hand pollination pollinates nearly every flower that ensures satisfactory fruit setting.

• Ensured pollination by managed/needed pollinisers.

• Solving the problem of temporal blooming gaps between pollinisers and target variety.

• Good marketing traits of the pears. Hand pollinated pears are larger and more uniformly shaped than fruit open pollinated because the latter have few seeds due to inadequate pollination.

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‘The fact is that of the 100 crop species that provide 90 per cent of the world’s food, over 70 are
pollinated by bees. Human beings have fabricated the illusion that in the 21st century they have the
technological prowess to be independent of nature. Bees underline the reality that we are more, not
less dependent on nature’s services in a world of close to seven billion people.’

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